| Everything you ever wanted to know about the VR6 engine, PART 2 *** Two-Stage Fuel Pump *** The two-stage pump has one motor that drives two separate pumps. * Stage One * Fuel is drawn in through a screen at the bottom of the housing by a vane-type pump. The vane-type pump acts as a transfer pump. It's designed to supply fuel to the fuel accumulator which is within the pump housing. Fuel vapors and air bubbles from fuel returning from the engine, as well as excessive fuel, is forced out of the accumulator through a fuel vent. * Stage Two * The gear-type pump draws fuel in from the bottom of the accumulator and through a screen. The fuel is then forced through the pump housing by the gear pump and out the top. *** Fuel Injectors *** The injectors are supplied 12 volts by the Power Supply Relay and are grounded through the Motronic ECU. They are opened sequentially in the cylinder firing order. Injection quantity is determined by the injector opening time. *** Fuel Tank Ventilation *** The following inputs are used to control the fuel tank ventilation: .Engine speed .Engine load .Engine coolant temperature .Signal from throttle valve Potentiometer (G69) Fuel vapors from the fuel tank are vented to the carbon canister. When the engine is warm and above idle speed, the vapors will be drawn into the intake manifold via the carbon canister. Depending on engine load and oxygen sensor signal, a frequency valve will regulate the quantity of vapors entering the intake manifold from the carbon canister * Carbon Canister Frequency Valve (N80) * The ECU determines the duty cycle of the frequency valve to regulate the flow of fuel vapors from the carbon canister to the engine. When no current is supplied to the valve, it remains in the open position. The valve is closed (duty cycle 100%) when the cold engine is started. * Triggering: * The Carbon Canister Frequency Valve (N80) begins to operate after oxygen sensor operation has begun. Valve operation is load- and speed-dependent during driving operation. The valve is completely open at full throttle and completely closed during deceleration fuel shut-off. * Substitute function: * If power to the valve is interrupted, the valve remains completely open. This could lead to rough running at idle speed and during partial load acceleration. * Self-diagnosis: * The ECU recognizes open circuits and short circuits in the component. *** Air Mass Sensor (G70) *** A hot-wire air mass sensor is used to measure the airflow into the engine. The air mass sensor is attached to the air filter housing. The sensor housing includes a baffle grid which reduces air turbulence and pulses. The sensor has no moving parts. A thin, electrically-heated , platinum hot-wire in the sensor is kept 180°C (356°F) above the air temperature measured by the thin-layer platinum temperature sensor. As airflow increases, the wires are cooled and the resistance of the sensors changes. Current to the platinum hot-wire changes to maintain the constant temperature difference. The resulting current change is converted to a voltage signal and is used by the Motronic ECU to calculate the volume of air taken in. Dirt or other contamination on the platinum wire can cause inaccurate output signals. Because of this, the platinum wire is heated to 1000° C (1832° F) for a period of one second each time the engine is switched off to burn off this dirt or contamination. If a fault develops with the signal from the air mass sensor, the signal from the throttle potentiometer is used as a substitute in order for the car to remain derivable. *** Throttle Valve Potentiometer (G69) *** The throttle valve potentiometer is connected to the throttle valve shaft. It informs the ECU about the power requested by the driver. Idle and full load switched are not incorporated in the Throttle Valve Potentiometer. Idle speed and full throttle applications are recognized by the ECU from the voltage output of the potentiometer. * Signal application: * Throttle Valve Potentiometer signals are used for determination of idle speed stabilization, idle air volume control, fuel after-run shut-off and fuel load enrichment. * Substitute function: * The ECU uses the Air Mass Sensor signal and engine speed signal as a replacement variables if the Throttle Valve Potentiometer fails. * Self-diagnosis: * Self-diagnosis recognizes: Short circuits to positive Short circuits to ground Note: On vehicles with automatic transmission, this potentiometer is combined in a housing with the potentiometer for the transmission control. *** Engine Speed / Reference Sensor (G28) *** Engine speed and crankshaft position are registered by a single sensor located on the engine block. The sensor reads a toothed wheel mounted on the crankshaft to read engine speed. The toothed wheel has a two-tooth gap which is used as the measuring point for the crankshaft position. * Signal application: * The signal is used for registration of engine speed and, in conjunction with the signal from the Hall Sender, for recognition of ignition TDC in cylinder Number 1. * Substitute function: * There is no substitute functions for Speed Reference Sensor G28. * Self-diagnosis: * The ECU recognizes a missing signal from the Speed/Reference Sensor after cranking the engine for five seconds. An impaulsing signal is recognizes by self-diagnosis when the reference mark signal and Hall sender signal do not correspond. * Hall Sender (G40) * The Hall sender is mounted in the ignition distributor. It is an electric control switch based on the Hall effect. The hall sender consists of a magnetic enclosure and integrated semiconductor circuit (the Hall IC). the IC is made of plastic to protect it from dampness, soiling and mechanical damage. A voltage signal is generated when the trigger wheel interrupts the magnetic field created by the Hall IC. The trigger wheel turns at camshaft speed. This means that the Hall sender generates one voltage signal for every two crankshaft revolutions. * Signal usage: * The Hall Sender (G40) signal and the Engine Speed/Reference Sensor (G28) signals are used to identify cylinder Number 1 for sequential fuel injection and knock regulation. * Substitute function: * There is no substitute function for the Hall Sender signal. The vehicle will start and run without this signal but the ignition timing will be retarded and there will be no sequential fuel injection. * Self-diagnosis: * The ECU will recognize a break in wiring or a continuously applied signal voltage (during start attempts as well). *** Knock Sensor I (G61) And Knock Sensor II (G66) *** Two knock sensors are used. A knock sensor works like a microphone to "listen" for spark knock or detonation. When knocking occurs, the ignition timing is retarded until the knocking is eliminated. Since the knock limit differs from cylinder to cylinder and changes within the operating range, knock regulation is done cylinder selectively. * Signal usage: * Knock regulation does not occur until the engine coolant temperature of 40° C (104° F) is reached. Knock sensor I (G61) monitors cylinders 1, 2, and 3. Knock sensor II (G66) monitors cylinder s 4, 5 and 6. With the aid of the Hall sender signal, the ECU can determine which cylinder is knocking. The ignition angle of the knocking cylinder is retarded in steps until the knocking stops up to a maximum of 12°. If spark knock is still detected, the ECU will retard the ignition timing 11° for all cylinders and record a fault. * Substitute function: * If a knock sensor fails, the ignition timing angle of its assigned cylinders is retarded. * Self-diagnosis: * The ECU recognized an open circuit if no signal from knock sensor I (G61) or knock sensor II (G66) is received by the ECU at an engine coolant temperature above 40° C (104° F). *** Oxygen Sensor (G39) *** The oxygen sensor (G39) is made of a ceramic material called zirconium dioxide. The inner and outer surfaces of the ceramic material are coated with platinum. The outer platinum surface is exposed to the exhaust gas, while the inner surface is exposed to the outside air. The difference in the amount of oxygen contacting the inner and outer surfaces of the oxygen sensor creates a pressure differential which results in a small voltage signal in the range of 100 to 1000 mV. The amount of voltage that is produced is determined by the fuel mixture. The oxygen sensor (G39) is heated electrically to keep it at constant operating temperature. The heater also ensures that the sensor comes to operating temperature quickly. The sensor has four wires. Two are for the heating element (ground and power). One wire is a signal wire for the sensor and one for the ground. * Signal usage: * The base injection time is corrected according to the voltage signal from the oxygen sensor to maintain a fuel/air ratio of approximately 14.7:1. This allows the three-way catalytic converter to operate at its maximum efficiency. If the fuel mixture is lean (excess oxygen), the oxygen sensor will send a low voltage signal (about 100mV) to the ECU. If the fuel mixture is rich (lack of oxygen), the oxygen sensor will send a voltage signal (about 900 mV) to the ECU. * Substitute function: * There is no substitute function for oxygen sensor (G39). If signal fails, no oxygen sensor regulation takes place. * Self-diagnosis: * The ECU recognizes a fault if no reasonable signal voltage range is attained within five minutes after engine start with an engine coolant temperature over 40° C (104° F). The ECU also recognizes a open circuit in the wiring or a short circuit to ground andshort circuit to positive (sensor heating). *** Coolant Temperature Sensor (G62) *** Coolant Temperature Sensor (G62) is an NTC resistor. It's located in the thermostat housing. AS engine coolant temperature rises, the resistance of the sensor goes down. * Signal application: * Coolant temperature sensor signals are required as a correction factor for determination of ignition timing, injection timing and idle speed stabilization. In addition, these systems are activated depending on engine coolant temperature: .Knock control .Adaptation of idle speed volume control .Oxygen sensor operation .Fuel tank venting * Substitute function: * A fixed value of 80° C (176° F) is stored in the memory of the ECU and used in case of a faulty coolant temperature signal. * Self-diagnosis: * Self-diagnosis recognizes: Short circuits to positive Short circuits to ground *** Intake Air Temperature Sensor (G42) *** An intake air temperature sensor is located in the intake manifold on the left side. * Signal application: * The signal is used for idle stabilization and as a correction factor for ignition timing. * Substitute function: * If a failure of the Intake Air Temperature Sensor (G42) occurs, the Motronic Electronic Control Unit assumes a temperature of 20° C (68° F). If this happens, cold start problems could occur at temperatures under 0° C (32° F). * Self-diagnosis: * The Motronic ECU recognizes open and short circuits to this component. *** EGR System *** All Corrados will come equipped with EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation). Passats sold in California will be equipped with EGR. The EGR system is used to reduce nitrous oxide emissions (Nox). The system recirculates a small portion of exhaust gas into the intake mixture. This exhaust gas is noncombustible and takes up a small space in the intake charge. The results is lower combustion temperatures and reduced Nox emissions. The EGR system does not operate at idle because Nox emissions are low during this time. * EGR Frequency Valve (N18) * The EGR Frequency Valve (N18) is mounted on the back of the intake manifold. A control pressure (vacuum) is formed in the frequency valve from the intake manifold pressure and atmospheric pressure (from the intake air elbow). This pressure is applied to the EGR valve via the EGR frequency valve (N18). The frequency valve controls the amount of vacuum supplied to the EGR valve by switching between the connection to the EGR valve and the intake air boot. Thus, the actual amount of recirculated exhaust gas can be determined by the ECU, depending on engine speed and load conditions. A membrane valve limits the vacuum supplied to the frequency valve at 200 mbar. * Self-diagnosis: * The ECU will recognize an open circuit or short circuit in the EGR frequency valve. If the EGR valve remains continuously open or closed because of mechanical failure, the EGR temperature sensor (G98) will signal this to the control unit. * Triggering: * The frequency valve (N18) ground circuit is controlled by the ECU depending on engine load and speed. * Substitute function: * There is no substitute function. If current to the frequency valve (N18) is interrupted, the EGR valve will remain closed. * EGR Temperature Sensor (G98) * The EGR temperature sensor (G98) is located in the EGR valve exhaust gas channel. It measures the temperature of the exhaust gas. The sensor is an NTC resistor. The electrical resistance of the sensor decreases as the temperature of the exhaust gas increases. * Signal usage: * The signal from the EGR temperature sensor (G98) is used only for the diagnosis of the EGR system and has no influence on the control. * Substitute function: * There is no substitute function. * Self-diagnosis: * The EGR system is switched on when the engine coolant temperature reaches 50° C (122° F). *** Crankcase Ventilation *** Crankcase vapors are vented from the cam cover to the intake air boot. A heating element is used to prevent icing during cold weather. PIN 1 = Positive (+) PIN 2 - To engine ground *** Idle Stabilizer Valve (N71) *** * Triggering: * The idle stabilizer valve (N71) is actuated on the ground side by the ECU. * Substitute function: * When a defect in the circuit is recognized, both output stages are shut off and the valve rotates to a fixed opening cross-section. This allows the engine to idle at a warm engine idle speed. * Self-diagnosis: * The ECU recognizes open and short circuits in the component. * Ignition System * Input Signals for Regulation of Ignition System .Engine speed .Engine load .Signal from knock sensors .Signal from throttle valve potentiometer .Coolant temperature .Signal from Hall sender Functions of Ignition System: .Ignition timing correction .Dwell angle regulation .Idling speed stabilization .Selective cylinder knock regulation The control unit uses the engine load and engine speed signals as well as the signal from the throttle valve potentiometer to calculate the ignition timing. If signals from the knock sensors indicate knocking combustion, the control unit retards the ignition timing of the knocking cylinder by 3° to max. 12° until the knocking tendency of the concerned cylinder is reduced. When the knocking tendency no longer exists, the ignition timing is returned to the nominal value in steps of 0.5°. When knocking occurs, the ignition timing can be different for all cylinders because of the selective cylinder knock regulation. Fluctuations in the idling speed range are compensated by changing the ignition timing with the help of idling speed stabilization. The control unit receives the idling speed signal from the throttle valve potentiometer. Dwell angle regulation guarantees the necessary charging time of the ignition coil and, therefore, ignition voltage, regardless of speed and load conditions. Coolant temperature signals are required to correct the ignition timing of a cold engine and activate knock regulation. *** Power Supply Components *** Power for the Motronic Engine Management systems is supplied via Fuse (S18) and three relays: Fuel Pump Relay (J17) (Position 12) Power Supply Relay (J271) (Position 3) Oxygen Sensor Heater Power Supply Relay (J278) (above main Central Electric Panel) There is no internal power stage relay in the Motronic ECU. Wiring for the Motronic Engine Management system is routed to the engine via a single multi-pin connector. This makes engine removal quicker and provides a test point for trouble shooting procedures. A central ground station is located on the engine block below the intake manifold. It provides a ground point for: .ECUs .Sensors for the Motronic Engine Management system (and their shielding) .Output components (injectors, etc.) ---------- |