
Originally Posted by
uncleho
This is an incorrect generalization of automation, but your point to automation in one region or the next is true for the most part.
BODY SHOP - Robots are generally the realm of the BODY SHOP (i.e. Where the sheet metal comes together to create the unibody via welding/adhesion/fastening processes.). They are used in other places, too, but the majority will be found there. When most people envision robots in car plants, they see robots tooled with resistance spot welders welding various seams/joints/etc... all the while throwing sparks all over. While robots may offer better "hours per unit" metrics to those counting the cost of operators, their prime benefit is the repeatability and accuracy (and not missing a spot) of placing said welds vs. a human. That's important for obvious reasons, but probably especially so today as MFRs push the realm of efficiency not only in operations (the plant), but engineering (the design). If you think about it... the control of the components' adhesion/fastening/union allows for better correlation to what is being designed/simulated/verified on the computer model... be it actual packaging or FEA for the safety cell structure. Even though robots are highly used here, there generally are still machines and/or certain operations that require humans to do preliminary work when robots are deemed impractical and/or not feasible based on the process complexity. And that point should be remembered - COMPLEXITY. Robots are generally used in roles where ergonomics or safety are high and complexity of the job is low (i.e. Mundane roles that may drive repeatability/accuracy issues in a human.
PAINT SHOP - I don't know for sure, but I don't think it was long before robots started welding for us that they started painting for us. The same benefits that hold true for welding holds true for painting. That and robots don't mind breathing the fumes. Well... they do have protective suits, but they don't sweat and piss and moan about it. Repeatability and accuracy... not to mention not missing a spot.
TRIM & FINAL ASSEMBLY - I think different MFRs use different terms, but once the unibody is finished in the Paint Shop, it goes to a line or lines that begin the assembly of all of the component systems. Today several sub assembly lines can build up certain subsystems like chassis systems or interior systems. Or depending on the process philosophy of the MFR... all of those subsystems may be "buy parts" that are shipped directly to the Assembly Plant already assembled and ready to be installed into the body structure. In the old days... most all of these subsystems were done in-house, but as the MFRs decided to focus on "core competencies" (i.e. outsource)... these subsystems became the realm of the tier suppliers (JCI, Lear, Delphi, Magna, etc.). Anyways... robots are not generally used in this area, because the job of installing these subsystems are generally too complex for robots such that any attempt would create frankenstein machines that offer more maintenance headaches than operational value (i.e. Some jobs are better placed in human hands, because of the dexterity, coordination, flexibility, intellect, etc. that we have over robots.). It's not to say they aren't welcomed, because large items like windshields and their sealer/adhesive application are often done by robots for the same reason the robots are used in BODY & PAINT. Operators installing an IP sub assembly basically just need to guide the assemblage into the car, align to the locating features, seat the assemblage, get some fasteners, and run-down the fasteners. I don't know of the feedback controls for assuring fastening today in the world of General Assembly (vehicle assembly), but if it is like powertrain, it is as "easy" as monitoring proper torque and/or angle is met and then counting how many fastening cycles were done per unit (unit = vehicle).
ROBOTS AREN'T SMART - Even though BODY & PAINT use robots, there can still be issues. Afterall... robots will only do what they are programmed. If something in the stampings are not right... the robot will not know any better. If their spot welding tools are not maintained well... it won't know any better (the controller for the welder will, though). Automation has its benefits for sure, but it is not the answer for everything "quality" related.
MAN'S ROLE - At the end of the day... humans make the decisions, program the equipment, monitor the lines, maintain the operations, and even operate the machines. How well humans do that is the realm of the leadership/management who runs the operation and nurtures a MFG culture that motivates. And let's not forget those who design the products! MFG is a variable in the "quality" of a product for sure, but a lot of what MFG can or cannot do well is derived from the design. That's where principles like DFM/DFA came about. And then imagine all of this broken down to other levels... or tiers. The suppliers who sell the subsystems face the same challenges.
MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE - There are TONS of variables that affect whether you like your purchase or not and while the origin may have an influence... it is but one tiny facet in a universe of potential influences! Heck... even the design of the automation/equipment cannot always be assumed to be good... or capable. Afterall... humans designed and built and program the machines. That's where procedures generally related to PROCESS CAPABILITY comes in. If said automation was not properly validated/verified/tested for proper functionality... you will have a problem. But then... how well it performs depends on each MFR's expectations as there is no one rule of thumb or standard.
I'm now rambling. The point I'm trying to make is there are a lot of influences and any belief that any one variable is some how the most important is silly. Well... actually... there is one that I mentioned in an earlier post. The leadership is the key variable. In a perfect world... everyone would be equally responsible, but unfortunately modern business revolves around "leaders" making the critical decisions that drive/influence nearly everything that happens. That doesn't mean the grunts are free of accountability. No way! We swim together or sink separately.